PCO Presents 50MHz Modulatable Imager with 1MP Resolution

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Kelheim, Germany-based camera maker PCO is going to present an interesting image sensor paper at the 15th European Microscopy Congress to be held in Manchester, UK on Sept. 16-21, 2012:

FLI-Cam – a frequency-domain fluorescence lifetime imaging system based on a new directly modulatable CMOS image sensor
Robert Franke and Gerhard Holst

The image sensor has a resolution of 1024 x 1024 pixels with a 5.6 µm pitch and can be modulated up to 50 MHz. The first measurements show an effective dynamic range of 1:1000 (10 bit). The frame rate will be in the range of 40fps.

Based on the results of the on-going tests, it is expected that the FLI-Cam will ease the introduction of luminescence lifetime imaging systems to broader applications. This work was supported by a grant of the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research
(BMBF) for the project “FLI-Cam” in the Biophotonik III program.
1:12 PM

NHK Presents Compact Super-Hi-Vision Camera, Pulls Broadcasting Schedule

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Trusted Reviews, Recombu, 3D Focus: NHK and Hitachi presented a news compact and lightweight Super Hi-Vision camera:

NHK's Keiichi Kubota with the new SHV camera

The camera has a single image sensor providing a resolution of 33MP (7,680 x 4,320) at 60fps (the ultimate objective is to bring the frame rate to 120fps). The new prototype camera weights just 4Kg. Initially NHK planned to start SHV public broadcasts in 2020, but the technical progress was very fast and now the NHK might start as early as in 2016.
11:57 AM

Tokyo University Developed Fast Object Tracking

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Reuters: Tokyo University developed a high-speed object tracking camera for fast-moving sports like squash, raquetball or table tennis:



Thanks to CDM for the link!
11:14 AM

Shanghai Motion Technology Presents Gaming Console with Gesture Control

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Kotaku reports from this year’s China Joy gaming expo that Shanghai Motion Technology company presented i-move gaming console with gesture control powered by a Kinect-like 3D camera:

i-move

The 3D camera looks quite similar to Softkinetic's DepthSense 311:

Softkinetic DepthSense 311

According to the spokesperson at the i-move China Joy booth, the i-move is expected to go on sale later this year with a price tag around $US500.
12:07 PM

Notable Questions, Funny and Serious

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Some notable image sensor-related questions that I've seen recently on the net:

On a popular edaboard.com forum user xihuwang asks:

"need cmos image sensor expert's help
Hi ,
Anyone can teach me how to design pixel ( using pinned photodiode) and timing control, and analog process chain to get pixel bin function ( change resolution 1/4) ?
Thanks forwards !
"

DPReview forum has an interesting question on whether the photon shot noise is fundamental. User Detail Man points to Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology article on shot noise discussing a rarely mentioned Amplitude-squeezed Light sources that get lower intensity light variations at the expense of an increase in phase noise. That way a sub-shot-noise light can be generated. Most of the referred squeezed light papers are from 80s - sort of esoteric knowledge now.

Phase space
representation of
amplitude-squeezed light.

Leaving aside the limitations of the squeezed light sources, the sensor QE needs to be close to 100% in order to not re-introduce the shot noise in the process of photon absorption. Anyway, it's an interesting way to push the seemingly fundamental limit.
6:24 AM

Toshiba Announces Three 1.75um Pixel Sensors

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Toshiba announces 3 sensors based on 1.75um pixels: 2MP (1600x1200) T4K28 with integrated ISP, 1080p30 T4K24 with no ISP, and 720p30 T4K08 with ISP. The sensors are targeted to camera phones and webcams.

T4K28
T4K24
10:45 PM

Manila Amendments New Requirement Changes in Certificates of Competency (CoC)

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1 Introduction
1.1  The STCW Convention 1978 has been amended by the 2010 Manila Amendments and contains new requirements for all seafarers. Seafarers revalidating their Certificates of Competency (CoC) will be required to submit additional evidence to ensure their Certificate is valid for service on certain types of ships after 31 December 2016.  
2. Training Requirements
2.1  Deck Certificate of Competency Revalidation, ECDIS requirements
The MCA does not currently accept any distance learning courses
The 2010 Manila Amendments to the STCW Code bring in the requirement for Deck Officers working onboard ships fitted with an Electronic Chart Display Information System (ECDIS) to undergo specific education and training. 
As of 1 January 2012 seafarers requiring revalidation of UK CoCs issued in compliance with STCW Regulation II/1, II/2 and II/3 (maintain a safe navigational watch; use of ECDIS to maintain safety of navigation; and maintain the safety of navigation through the use of ECDIS and associated navigation systems to assist command decision making) need to comply with the new STCW requirements to ensure their CoC remains valid on ships fitted with ECDIS after 31 December 2016.
For the revalidation of UK CoC valid after 31 December 2016, the seafarer must have completed one of the following:
•  MCA approved Navigation Radar and ARPA Simulator (NARAS)/ Navigation Aids and Equipment and Simulator Training (NAEST) (Operational Level) course completed on or after 1January 2005; or
•  MCA approved NARAS/ NAEST (Management Level) course completed on or after 1January 2005; or
•  MCA approved ECDIS course completed on or after 1 January 2005; or
•  ECDIS simulator training course in compliance with IMO Model Course 1.27, accepted by the MCA and approved by an Administration whose CoC we accept for the issue of a CEC.
The original course certificate must be submitted with the application. Deck Officers not meeting the above requirement will receive the following CoC limitation:
“From the 1 January 2017 this certificate is not valid for service on ships fitted with ECDIS”.
Deck Officers may subsequently request the removal of this limitation by providing documentary evidence of MCA approved ECDIS training.   
2.2 Engineering Certificate of Competency Revalidation, High Voltage (HV) requirements
The 2010 Manila Amendments to the STCW Code bring in the requirement for engineers to undergo education and training in High Voltage systems, at both the operational and management levels. This requirement comes into force on the 1 January 2017 but will affect the revalidation of Engineering Certificates of Competency (CoC) from 1 January 2012. There is no requirement for additional training to be undertaken by all existing Engineer Officers, whether or not they intend to work on ships having High Voltage systems. However, High Voltage training requirements will be incorporated in the future training programmes of Engineer Officers at both the operational and management levels.
No additional action is required for Engineer Officers who do not work on and do not intend to work on ships with High Voltage systems. These Engineer Officers will receive the following CoC limitation:
“From 1 January 2017 this certificate is not valid for service on ships fitted with High Voltage (over 1000V) systems”.
Engineer Officers who do not want this limitation placed on their CoC should read the following section applicable to their Certificate.
Note: A High Voltage (over 1000V) system is where voltage is generated and distributed at high voltage or transformed to and distributed at high voltage. It does not include systems where high voltage is utilised locally e.g. ignition systems, radio transmission, Radar and other navigational equipment.
EOOW CoC Reg. III/1 (Operational Level)
To avoid having the High Voltage limitation, Engineer Officers of the Watch will need to show compliance with the 2010 Manila Amendments. In addition to the current revalidation requirements, they will have to provide documentary evidence of:
•  completion of High Voltage (HV) course(*); or
•  completion of the following sea service in the engine room on vessels fitted with HV systems;
•  six months in the preceding five years; or
•  three months sea service during the last twelve months.
Sea service evidence can be provided in the form of a company letter signed by an authorised official within the company.
Second/Chief Engineer Officer CoC Reg. III/2 and III/3 (Management Level)
To avoid having the High Voltage limitation, Senior Engineer Officers will need to show compliance with 2010 Manila Amendments. In addition to the current revalidation requirements, they will have to provide documentary evidence of completion of High Voltage (HV) course (*).
* High Voltage Courses
Courses previously undertaken prior to 1 July 2013 do not need to be MCA approved but you must provide documentary evidence confirming the course covers at least the following topics:
at the operational level
•  The hazards associated with High Voltage systems;
•  The functional, operational and safety requirements for a marine high-voltage system;
•  Basic arrangement of High Voltage systems and their protective devices;
•  Safety procedures related to High Voltage systems; and
•  Immediate actions to be taken under fault conditions.
at the management level
•  The functional, operational and safety requirements for a marine high-voltage system;
•  Assignment of suitably qualified personnel to carry out maintenance and repair of high-voltage switchgear of various types;
•  Taking remedial action necessary during faults in a high-voltage system;
•  Producing a switching strategy for isolating components of a high-voltage system;
•  Selecting suitable apparatus for isolation and testing of high-voltage equipment;
•  Carrying out a switching and isolation procedure on a marine high-voltage system, complete with safety documentation; and
•  Performing tests of insulation resistance and polarization index on high-voltage equipment.
The original certificate and course syllabus must be submitted with the application.
Engineer Officers may subsequently request the removal of the High Voltage limitation by providing documentary evidence of a High Voltage training course that includes the required topics.  
2.3 Updating-Refresher Training Requirements
The 2010 Manila Amendments to the STCW Code bring in new requirements for seafarers required to hold any of the following safety training courses:
•  Personal Survival Techniques (STCW Table A-VI/1-1)
•  Fire Prevention and Fire Fighting (STCW Table A-VI/1-2)
•  Proficiency in Survival Craft and Rescue Boats Other Than Fast Rescue Boats (STCW Table A-VI/2-1)
•  Proficiency in Fast Rescue Boats (STCW Table A-VI/2-2)
•  Advanced Fire Fighting (STCW Table A-VI/3)
Seafarers required to hold any of the above certificates of proficiency shall, every five years, provide evidence of having maintained the required standard of competence, to undertake the tasks, duties and responsibilities specified in the above stated tables.
Seafarers revalidating their Certificates of Competency (CoC) after 1 January 2017 will be required to submit documentary evidence of having completed MCA approved updating-refresher training.  There is no requirement to provide documentary evidence for having completed updating-refresher training if a seafarer applies for CoC revalidation before 1 January 2017.
From 1 January 2017 Port State Control Officers may require seafarers to provide documentary evidence of having maintained the required standard of competence, to undertake the tasks, duties and responsibilities listed above.
Presenting the documentary evidence obtained on completing an MCA approved updating-refresher course will meet this requirement.
Details of updating-refresher training will be published in a separate Marine Information Notice.
2.4  Leadership and Management Requirements
The 2010 Manila Amendment to the STCW Code brings in new requirements for Leadership and Management.  Additional education and training in human element, leadership and management will be introduced into the UK Certification structure before 1 July 2013. It is considered that seafarers meeting the current Certificate of Competency revalidation requirements will have gained sufficient leadership and management skills not to require further training.
3. Tanker Endorsement Requirements
3.1  The 2010 Manila Amendments define continued professional competence for seafarers revalidating tanker endorsements under Regulation I/11 as:   
•  Approved seagoing service, performing duties appropriate to the tanker certificate or endorsement held, for a period of at least 3 months in total in the proceeding 5 years; or
•  Successfully completing an approved relevant training course or courses.
As of 1 January 2012 seafarers revalidating tanker endorsements, in addition to the current revalidation requirements, must provide evidence of approved tanker sea service appropriate to the endorsement(s) in their CoC.  Evidence must be submitted in the form of original sea service testimonials or an original MCA approved course certificate as per MGN 9.
Seafarers unable to provide evidence appropriate to a tanker endorsement in their CoC, but able to demonstrate the current revalidation requirements for tanker endorsements, will have that tanker endorsement revalidated until 31 December 2016.  Depending on the tanker endorsement(s) that cannot be revalidated past 31 December 2016 they will receive the appropriate limitation(s) in their CoC:
For Oil:
“From 1 January 2017 this certificate is not valid for service on Oil Tankers”
For Chemical:
“From 1 January 2017 this certificate is not valid for service on Chemical Tankers”
For Gas:
“From 1 January 2017 this certificate is not valid for service on Gas Tankers”
For Vegetable Oil
“From 1 January 2017 this certificate is not valid for service on Vegetable Oil Tankers”
Seafarers may subsequently request the removal of the tanker limitation by providing documentary evidence of approved training or appropriate sea service.   
4.  Sea Time Requirements
4.1 In addition to sea time requirements listed in MGN 9 the 2010 Manila Amendments allow Certificates of Competency to be revalidated if the seafarer has approved sea going service, performing functions appropriate to the certificate held for a period of at least:  
•  Three months in total during the preceding six months immediately prior to revalidating.
In addition to the current revalidation requirements, seafarers providing evidence of three months sea service within six months immediately prior to their application will be eligible for revalidation.   
5. Validity Periods
5.1 The 2010 Manila Amendments allow an application for revalidation of a Certificate of Competency (CoC) made within six months of the certificates expiry date to be revalidated until the fifth anniversary of the certificates expiry date.  
Providing the current revalidation requirements are met, Certificates of Competency received for revalidation within a period six months prior to expiring shall be revalidated until the fifth anniversary of the current CoC expiry date.  Certificates received outside of this six months period will be revalidated for five years from the date of revalidation.  
6. Removal of Limitations
6.1 Seafarers providing the appropriate documentary evidence with their application for a Certificate of Competency revalidation will have the limitation(s) removed with no additional fee. Alternatively, the limitation(s) can be removed by submitting the appropriate documentary evidence and the fee for the upgrade of Certificate of Competency.
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Video Cameras Shootout

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Imaging Resource, EOSHD: Filmamking services company Zacuto arranged a shootout for nine HD video cameras ranging from iPhone 4s to video-enabled DSLRs and mirrorless four-thirds to high-end professional cameras from Sony, ARRI and Red. Each camera was placed in the hands of a talented cinematographer, and presented with a controlled scene. The basic lighting setup could be adjusted, and the resulting video color-graded to achieve the desired look. The results were presented to an audience of filmmakers, including Francis Ford Coppola, allowing them to blindly select their favorite. Their selections are quite surprising, not necessarily giving advantage to the most expensive cameras. That is, in skilled hands iPhone 4s can compete with Sony FS100 or Canon C300:


Camera A – Sony F3 – Nancy Schreiber ASC
Camera B – Panasonic GH2 – Colt Seaman
Camera C – Red Epic – Ryan Walters
Camera D – Apple iPhone 4S - Michael Koerbel
Camera E – Canon C300 – Polly Morgan
Camera F – Arri Alexa – Rodney Charters
Camera G – Canon 7D – Michael Negrin ASC
Camera H – Sony F65 – Sony Approved Cinematographer
Camera I – Sony FS100 – Den Lennie & Mick Jones
11:27 AM

Ship_Safey_Environment_Protection Orals

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Ship_Construction Naval Arch Orals

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Marine_Engineering_Practice Orals

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Marine_Engineering_Knowledge_Motor Orals

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Marine_Engineering_Knowledge_General Orals

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Centrifugal Pump Fundamentals 2

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STATIC DISCHARGE HEAD is the vertical distance in feet between the pump centerline and the point of free discharge or the surface of the liquid in the discharge tank.
TOTAL STATIC HEAD is the vertical distance in feet between the free level of the source of supply and the point of free discharge or the free surface of the discharge liquid.
FRICTION HEAD (hf) is the head required to overcome the resistance to flow in the pipe and fittings. It is dependent upon the size, condition and type of pipe, number and type of pipe fittings, flow rate, and nature of the liquid. Frictional tables are included in Water Data.
VELOCITY HEAD (hv) is the energy of a liquid as a result of its motion at some velocity V. It is the equivalent head in feet through which the water would have to fall to acquire the same velocity, or in other words, the head necessary to accelerate the water. Velocity head can be calculated from the following formula:
The velocity head is usually insignificant and can be ignored in most high head systems. However, it can be a large factor and must be considered in low head systems.
PRESSURE HEAD must be considered when a pumping system either begins or terminates in a tank which is under some pressure other than atmospheric. The pressure in such a tank must first be converted to feet of liquid. A vacuum in the suction tank or a positive pressure in the discharge tank must be added to the system head, whereas a positive pressure in the suction tank or vacuum in the dis-charge tank would be subtracted. The following is a handy formula for converting inches of mercury vacuum into feet of liquid.
The above forms of head, namely static, friction, velocity, and pressure, are combined to make up the total system head at any particular flow rate. Following are definitions of these combined or "Dynamic" head terms as they apply to the pump.
TOTAL DYNAMIC SUCTION LIFT (hs) is the static suction lift minus the velocity head at the pump suction flange plus the total friction head in the suction line. The total dynamic suction lift, as determined on pump test, is the reading of a gauge on the suction flange, converted to feet of liquid and corrected to the pump centerline*, minus the velocity head at the point of gauge attachment.
TOTAL DYNAMIC SUCTION HEAD (hs) is the static suction head plus the velocity head at the pump suction flange minus the total friction head in the suction line. The total dynamic suction head, as determined on pump test, is the reading of the gauge on the suction flange, converted to feet of liquid and corrected to the pump centerline*, plus the velocity head at the point of gauge attachment.
TOTAL DYNAMIC DISCHARGE HEAD (hd) is the static discharge head plus the velocity head at the pump discharge flange plus the total friction head in the discharge line. The total dynamic discharge head, as determined on pump test, is the reading of a gauge at the discharge flange, converted to feet of liquid and corrected to the pump centerline*, plus the velocity head at the point of gauge attachment.
TOTAL HEAD (H) or TOTAL Dynamic HEAD (TDH) is the total dynamic discharge head minus the total dynamic suction head or
TDH = hd + hs (with a suction lift) 
TDH = hd - hs (with a suction head)
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Centrifugal Pump Fundamentals

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Centrifugal Pump Fundamentals
A-1 Head 
The pressure at any point in a liquid can be thought of as being caused by a vertical column of the liquid which, due to its weight, exerts a pressure equal to the pressure at the point in question. The height of this column is called the static head and is expressed in terms of feet of liquid.
The static head corresponding to any specific pressure is dependent upon the weight of the liquid according to the following formula.
A Centrifugal pump imparts velocity to a liquid. This velocity energy is then transformed largely into pressure energy as the liquid leaves the pump. Therefore, the head developed is approximately equal to the velocity energy at the periphery of the impeller This relationship is expressed by the following well-known formula:

Where H = Total head developed in feet. 
v = Velocity at periphery of impeller in feet per sec. 
g = 32.2 Feet/Sec2
We can predict the approximate head of any centrifugal pump by calculating the peripheral velocity of the impeller and substituting into the above formula. A handy formula for peripheral velocity is:
D = Impeller diameter in inches
V = Velocity in ft./sec
The above demonstrates why we must always think in terms of feet of liquid rather than pressure when working with centrifugal pumps. A given pump with a given impeller diameter and speed will raise a liquid to a certain height regardless of the weight of the liquid, as shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1 Identical Pumps Handling Liquids of Different Specific Gravities.
All of the forms of energy involved in a liquid flow system can be expressed in terms of feet of liquid. The total of these various heads determines the total system head or the work which a pump must perform in the system. The various forms of head are defined as follows.
SUCTION LIFT exists when the source of supply is below the center line of the pump. Thus the STATIC SUCTION LIFT is the vertical distance in feet from the centerline of the pump to the free level of the liquid to be pumped.

Fig. 2-a Suction Lift ? Showing Static Heads in a Pumping System Where the Pump is Located Above the Suction Tank. (Static Suction Head)
SUCTION HEAD exists when the source of supply is above the centerline of the pump. Thus the STATIC SUCTION HEAD is the vertical distance in feet from the centerline of the pump to the free level of the liquid to be pumped.

Fig. 2-b Suction Head ? Showing Static Heads in a Pumping System Where the Pump is Located Below the Suction Tank. (Static Suction Head)
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