Showing posts with label David Spratt. Show all posts
Showing posts with label David Spratt. Show all posts

As 2015 smashes temperature records, it's hotter than you think

online engineering degree/engineering degree online/online engineering courses/engineering technology online/engineering courses online/engineering technician degree online/online engineering technology/electronic engineering online

by David Spratt

Spanish version

There is an El Niño in full swing which helps push average global temperatures higher, and records are being broken, but just how hot is it? For several years, we have heard that global warming has pushed temperatures higher by around 0.8 to 0.85 degrees Celsius (°C).

But in 2015, that number is not even close.

Even before this year's strong El Niño developed, 2015 was a hot year. The first few months of the year broken records for the hottest corresponding period in previous years all the way back to the start of the instrumental record in 1880. Each month, new records fell.



With the July data in, NOAA, the US Government's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, reported that July was the hottest month among the 1627 months on record since 1880, and the first seven months of the year was the hottest January-July on record:
The July average temperature across global land and ocean surfaces was 0.81°C above the 20th century average. As July is climatologically the warmest month for the year, this was also the all-time highest monthly temperature in the 1880-2015 record, at 16.61°C, surpassing the previous record set in 1998 by 0.08°C.

The July globally-averaged sea surface temperature was 0.75°C above the 20th century average. This was the highest temperature for any month in the 1880-2015 record, surpassing the previous record set in July 2014 by 0.07°C. The global value was driven by record warmth across large expanses of the Pacific and Indian Oceans.

The year-to-date temperature combined across global land and ocean surfaces was 0.85°C above the 20th century average. This was the highest for January-July in the 1880-2015 record, surpassing the previous record set in 2010 by 0.09°C.
In addition the year-to-date globally-averaged land surface temperature beat the previous record in 2007 by a whopping 0.15°C, and the year-to-date globally-averaged sea surface temperature surpassed the previous record of 2010 by 0.06°C. Every major ocean basin observed record warmth in some areas.

And, as Joe Romm has reported, "It was especially hot for the 6 billion of us up here in the northern hemisphere, where the first seven months of 2015 were a remarkable 0.3°F (0.17°C) warmer than the first seven months of any year on record — and nearly a half degree Fahrenheit warmer than any year before 2007".

El Niño may be strongest on record


So this year, records are not being broken. They are being smashed, as a strong El Niño (and perhaps the strongest on record) is set to persist through to 2016. El Niño conditions are characterised by a warm band of water across the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean and facilitate the transfer of heat from the ocean surface layer to the atmosphere and are associated with a hotter climate.

The NOAA's most recent El Niño update (Climate Prediction Center / NCEP 17 August 2015) reports that:
All multi-model averages suggest that El Niño 3.4 will be above +1.5ºC (a “strong” El Niño) during late 2015 into early 2016.
(El Niño 3.4 is the zone of longitudes 120 to 150W along the equatorial Pacific Ocean).



As the chart above illustrates, the projected strength of the El Niño (yellow line) is slightly above the previous strongest such event in 1997 (red dots).

So hot will 2015 be? The NOAA has already reported that the first seven months of the year was almost 0.1°C above the previous record. This is a huge amount in a field where changes are often measured in one-hundredths of a degree.

With a 90% chance of the El Niño persisting into 2016, it is as close as a certain bet can be that 2015 will be the hottest year on the instrumental record.

And there is probably an even-money chance that the margin will exceed 0.1°C. This would be an incredible result with scientists shocked at the margin by which records are being broken. Former NASA climate science chief James Hansen says:
We can already predict that the 2015 global temperature will exceed the prior warmest year (2014) by an unusually wide margin (~ 0.1°C), exceeding 1998 (“El Niño of the century”) even further.
And there is a good chance that 2016 will beat 2015 to become the hottest year on record.

It's hotter than you think

But much hotter has it got already? The convention is to talk about the amount of warming "above pre-industrial", that is, before the steam-and-coal industrial revolution, around 1750.

But the instrumental record used by the major agencies in the US, the UK and Japan does not start till 1880, and it is this period that is often used to provide a "pre-industrial" baseline. So when we hear that warming so far up to (the average of) the last decade as being 0.8°C or 0.85°C, it is the warming from a 1880 baseline (see light green column in figure below of 0.87°C, based on the NOAA dataset since 1880).

But the climate around 1750 and 1880 were not the same. Research using proxy data and modelling shows that between 1750 and 1880 the global average temperature increased by ~0.2°C.


 When that is added (dark green column), we find that the real warming from pre-industrial 1750 to the average of the last decade is 1.07°C. It is a shock to see that we are more than half way to the unsafe 2°C "guardrail" favoured by international policy-makers.

The warming over 1750 pre-industrial to 2014 was 1.17°C.

And for the first seven months of 2015, the margin is a staggering 1.26°C higher than the pre-industrial level. Yes, it is a strong El Niño period, and it may drop back for a short while, but 2016 could be just as hot and we may be entering a new phase of accelerated warming.

Greenhouse emissions continue to soar to record levels, and attempts to clean up and retire some of the world's dirtiest coal power plants may result in a lowering of the production of aerosols (including black-carbon soot, organic carbon, sulphates, nitrates, as well as dust from smoke, manufacturing and windstorms) which at the moment provide a temporary (~1 week) cooling of 0.8-1°C.

The leading climate researcher Michael E. Mann says that as fossil fuel use is curtailed, the aerosol cooling impact will lessen. Mann says that "if the world burns significantly less coal…we would have to limit CO2 to below roughly 405 ppm", a level we will reach in two years.

A climate emergency requiring levels of action far beyond anything that is currently perceived by policy makers? As temperatures soar to record levels and it is hotter than most people understand, you can bet on that.

Earlier posted at ClimateCodeRed.org


As 2015 smashes temperature records, it's hotter than you think | by David Spratt http://arctic-news.blogspot.com/2015/09/as-2015-smashes-temperature-records-its-hotter-than-you-think.html

Posted by Sam Carana on Thursday, September 3, 2015

It's time to 'Do the math' again

online engineering degree/engineering degree online/online engineering courses/engineering technology online/engineering courses online/engineering technician degree online/online engineering technology/electronic engineering online
By David Spratt

Have we gone mad? A new report released today explains why contemporary climate change policy-making should be characterised as increasingly delusional.

As the deadline approaches for submissions to the Australian government's climate targets process, there is a flurry of submissions and reports from advocacy groups and the Climate Change Authority.

Most of these reports are based on the twin propositions that two degrees Celsius (2°C) of global warming is an appropriate policy target, and that there is a significant carbon budget and an amount of "burnable carbon" for this target, and hence a scientifically-based escalating ladder of emission-reduction targets stretching to mid-century and beyond.

A survey of the relevant scientific literature by David Spratt, "Recount: It's time to 'Do the math' again", published today by Breakthrough concludes that the evidence does not support either of these propositions.

The catastrophic and irreversible consequences of 2°C of warming demand a strong risk-management approach, with a low rate of failure. We should not take risks with the climate that we would not take with civil infrastructure.

There is no carbon budget available if 2°C is considered a cap or upper boundary as per the Copenhagen Accord, rather than a hit-or-miss target which can be significantly exceeded; or if a low risk of exceeding 2°C is required; or if positive feedbacks such as permafrost and other carbon store losses are taken into account.

Effective policy making can only be based on recognising that climate change is already dangerous, and we have no carbon budget left to divide up. Big tipping-point events irreversible on human time scales such as in West Antarctica and large-scale positive feedbacks are already occurring at less than 1°C of warming. It is clear that 2°C of climate warming is not a safe cap.

In reality, 2°C is the boundary between dangerous and very dangerous climate change and 1°C warmer than human civilisation has ever experienced.

In the lead up to the forthcoming Paris talks, policy makers through their willful neglect of the evidence are in effect normalising a 2.5–3°C global warming target.

This evidence in "Recount: It's time to 'Do the math' again" demonstrates that action is necessary at a faster pace than most policy makers conceive is possible.



Related

- It's time to 'Do the math' again
http://www.climatecodered.org/2015/04/its-time-to-do-math-again.html

- RECOUNT - It's time to 'Do the math' again
http://media.wix.com/ugd/148cb0_938b5512abfa4d4e965ec8cc292893f7.pdf

- Two degrees of warming closer than you may think
http://arctic-news.blogspot.com/2015/02/two-degrees-of-warming-closer-than-you-may-think.html

- The real budgetary emergency and the myth of "burnable carbon"
http://arctic-news.blogspot.com/2014/05/the-real-budgetary-emergency-and-the-myth-of-burnable-carbon.html

It's time to 'Do the math' again | by David Spratt http://arctic-news.blogspot.com/2015/04/its-time-to-do-math-again.html

Posted by Sam Carana on Thursday, April 23, 2015

Two degrees of warming closer than you may think

online engineering degree/engineering degree online/online engineering courses/engineering technology online/engineering courses online/engineering technician degree online/online engineering technology/electronic engineering online
by David Spratt

It has taken a hundred years of human-caused greenhouse emissions to push the global temperature up almost one degree Celsius (1C°), so another degree is still some time away. Right? And there seems to have been a "pause" in warming over the last two decades, so getting to 2C° is going to take a good while, and we may have more time that we thought. Yes?

Wrong on both counts.

The world could be 2C° warmer in as little as two decades, according to the leading US climate scientist and "hockey stick" author, Dr Michael E. Mann. Writing in Scientific American in March 2014 (with the maths explained here), Mann says that new calculations "indicate that if the world continues to burn fossil fuels at the current rate, global warming will rise to 2C° by 2036" and to avoid that threshold "nations will have to keep carbon dioxide levels below 405 parts per million", a level we have just about reached already. Mann says the notion of a warming "pause" is false.

Global temperature over the last 1000 years: the "hockey stick"

Here's why 2C° could be just 20 years away.

Record heat

2014 was the hottest year in the instrumental record. The US government agencies NASA and NOAA announced the 2014 record on 16 January, noting that "the 10 warmest years in the instrumental record, with the exception of 1998, have now occurred since 2000".



NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) says that since 1880, "Earth’s average surface temperature has warmed by about 1.4 degrees Fahrenheit (0.8C°), a trend that is largely driven by the increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) and other human emissions into the planet’s atmosphere. The majority of that warming has occurred in the past three decades."

GISS Director Gavin Schmidt says that this is “the latest in a series of warm years, in a series of warm decades. While the ranking of individual years can be affected by chaotic weather patterns, the long-term trends are attributable to drivers of climate change that right now are dominated by human emissions of greenhouse gases".

2014 was also Australia’s third-hottest year on record, according to the Bureau of Meteorology: "Overall, 2014 was Australia's third-warmest year on record: the annual national mean temperature was +0.91 °C above average… All States, except the Northern Territory, ranked in the four warmest years on record."

The 2014 record was achieved in neutral ENSO conditions

Fluctuations in the ENSO cycle affect global temperature, with El Niño conditions (a mobile blister of Pacific Ocean heat that affects wind patterns and currents and reduces rainfall in eastern Australia) correlating with warmer global temperatures. Former NASA climate science chief Dr James Hansen and colleagues note that the record global temperature in 2014 "was achieved with little assistance from the tropical ENSO cycle, confirms continuing global warming... and with the help of even a mild El Niño 2015 may be significantly warmer than 2014."

And El Niño conditions are likely to became more frequent with more warming. Last year, Wenju Cai, a climate researcher for Australia’s Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), warned that the frequency of extreme El Niño events could double with climate change, in a paper that presented "evidence for a doubling in the occurrences in the future in response to greenhouse warming".

There is no "pause" in warming

In releasing the data on 2014's record warmth, NASA charted warming since 1970 and demonstrated that there has been no "pause" or slowing in warming, contrary to the million-times-repeated claims of the climate warming denial industry.

Joe Romm of Climate Progress says this chart (below) shows that: "The human-caused rise in surface air temperatures never paused, never even slowed significantly. And that means we are likely headed toward a period of rapid surface temperature warming. "




A year ago, Prof Matthew England of University of NSW suggested that temperatures were likely to rise quickly:
Scientists have long suspected that extra ocean heat uptake has slowed the rise of global average temperatures, but the mechanism behind the hiatus remained unclear…. But the heat uptake is by no means permanent: when the trade wind strength returns to normal –- as it inevitably will –- our research suggests heat will quickly accumulate in the atmosphere. So global [surface] temperatures look set to rise rapidly….
The oceans are warming very rapidly

Of all the additional heat trapped by higher levels of greenhouse gases, more than 90 per cent goes to warming the oceans, and thus ocean heat content (OHC) is by far the most significant and reliable indicator of global warming. By contrast only two per cent goes to warming the atmosphere, so small heat exchanges between oceans and the atmosphere (caused by changing sea surface, ocean circulation and wind conditions) can have a significant impact on atmospheric temperature, but not on ocean temperature.

The NOAA's State of the Climate for 2014 reports:
During 2014, the globally-averaged sea surface temperature was 1.03°F (0.57°C) above the 20th century average. This was the highest among all years in the 1880-2014 record, surpassing the previous records of 1998 and 2003 by 0.09°F (0.05°C).


The rate of OHC incease appears to be accelerating, with Romm noting that:
... ocean warming has sped up, and sea level rise has accelerated more than we thought, and Arctic sea ice has melted much faster than the models expected, as have the great ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica.
And as Matthew England has told us, when the trade wind strength returns to normal, some ocean heat will quickly accumulate in the atmosphere.

You can check all the NOAA ocean heat content charts here.

Human greenhouse gas emissions are not slowing

Data from the Global Carbon Project shows annual carbon dioxide emissions are continuing to increase, and that the rate of increase since 2000 is at least double that of the 1990-99 decade. Emissions are projected to continue on the current growth path till 2020.


Fossil fuel emissions 1990-2014 and projected to 2019

To summarise the story so far: 2014 was a record hot year (without El Nino conditions); there has been no pause in warming; ocean heat content is rising at an increasing rate; global annual carbon dioxide emissions are continuing to grow; and more frequent El Nino conditions and a return to more normal trade wind strength will release some ocean heat to the atmosphere; so we are likely headed for a period of rapid surface temperature warming.

But there is more to the story.

A reservoir of heat already in the system

Increased levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases create an energy imbalance between incoming and outgoing radiation, which is resolved by elements of the earth system (land and oceans) absorbing the additional heat until the system reaches a new balance (equilibrium) at a higher temperature. But that process takes time, due to thermal inertia (as with an electric oven: once energy is applied, it takes time for all the structure to heat up and is not instantaneous). As a rule of thumb, about one-third of the heating potential of an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide will be felt straight away, another third take around 30 years, and the last third is not fully realised for a century.

Thus there is more warming to come for the carbon dioxide already emitted, amounting to about another 0.6°C of warming. And because the rate of emissions is increasing, that figure is also increasing.

From this we can conclude that around 1.5°C of warming is locked into the system for current CO2 levels, though very large-scale carbon drawdown could reduce levels slowly over decadal time frames.

As well as long-lived CO2, there are other greenhouse gases with shorter lifetimes, particularly methane (lifetime approx. 10 years) and nitrous oxide (lifetime approx. 100 years). Because emissions of these gases are also continuing unabated, they also contribute to warming temperatures on decadal time frames.

In fact, the current level of greenhouse gases if maintained is already more than enough to produce 2°C of warming over time: in 2008 two scientists, Ramanathan and Feng, in On avoiding dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system: Formidable challenges ahead found that if greenhouse gases were maintained at their 2005 levels, the inferred warming is 2.4˚C (range 1.4˚C to 4.3˚C).

The current level of greenhouse gases is around 400 parts per million (ppm) CO2, and 470 ppm CO2 equivalent (CO2e) when other greenhouse gases are included. The last time CO2 levels were as high as they are today, humans didn't exist, and over the last 20 million years such levels are associated with major climate transitions. Tripati, Roberts et al. found that, big changes in significant climate system elements such as ice sheets, sea levels and carbon stores are likely to occur for the current level of CO2:
During mid-Miocene climatic optimum [16-14 million years ago] CO2 levels were similar to today, but temperatures were ~3–6°C warmer and sea levels 25 to 40 metres higher than at present… When CO2 levels were last similar to modern values (greater than 350 ppmv to 400 pmv), there was little glacial ice on land, or sea ice in the Arctic, and a marine-based ice mass on Antarctica was not viable…
But the question remains as to how quickly this warming will occur, and for that we need to look at two further factors: climate sensitivity and the role of aerosols.

Climate sensitivity

The measure of how much warming occurs for an increase in greenhouse gases is known as climate sensitivity, and is expressed as the temperature rise resulting from a doubling of greenhouse gas levels.

As Michael E. Mann explains:
Although the earth has experienced exceptional warming over the past century, to estimate how much more will occur we need to know how temperature will respond to the ongoing human-caused rise in atmospheric greenhouse gases, primarily carbon dioxide. Scientists call this responsiveness “equilibrium climate sensitivity” (ECS). ECS is a common measure of the heating effect of greenhouse gases. It represents the warming at the earth's surface that is expected after the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere doubles and the climate subsequently stabilizes (reaches equilibrium)… The more sensitive the atmosphere is to a rise in CO2, the higher the ECS, and the faster the temperature will rise. ECS is shorthand for the amount of warming expected, given a particular fossil-fuel emissions scenario.
As discussed previously here, some elements of the climate system respond quickly to temperature change, including the amount of water vapour in the air and hence level of cloud cover, sea-level changes due to ocean temperature change, and the extent of sea-ice that floats on the ocean in the polar regions. These changes amplify (increase) the temperature change and are known as short-term or “fast” feedbacks, and it is on this basis that (short-term) ECS is well established as being around 3°C for a doubling of greenhouse gas levels (see, for example, Climate sensitivity, sea level, and atmospheric carbon dioxide).

But there are also longer-term or “slow” feedbacks, which generally take much longer (centuries to thousands of years) to occur. These include changes in large, polar, land-based ice sheets, changes in the carbon cycle (changed efficiency of carbon sinks such as permafrost and methane clathrate stores, as well as biosphere stores such as peat lands and forests), and changes in vegetation coverage and reflectivity (albedo). When these are taken into account, the sensitivity is significantly higher at 4.5°C or more, dependent on the state of the poles and carbon stores. Importantly, the rate of change at present is so fast that some of these long-term feedbacks are being triggered now on short-term timeframes (see Carbon budgets, climate sensitivity and the myth of "burnable carbon").

Mann says uncertainty about ECS can arise from questions of the role of clouds and water vapour, with the most recent IPCC report simply giving a range of 1.5–4.5°C but no "best-fit" figure. Factors such as changing rates of heat flux between oceans and atmosphere (including the El Nino/La Nina cycle), and volcanic eruptions, can cloud the short-term picture, as has the focus on the non-existent "pause".

What would happen if ECS is a bit lower that the "best-fit" value of 3°C of warming for doubling of greenhouse gas levels? Mann explains:
I recently calculated hypothetical future temperatures by plugging different ECS values into a so-called energy balance model, which scientists use to investigate possible climate scenarios. The computer model determines how the average surface temperature responds to changing natural factors, such as volcanoes and the sun, and human factors—greenhouse gases, aerosol pollutants, and so on. (Although climate models have critics, they reflect our best ability to describe how the climate system works, based on physics, chemistry and biology. And they have a proved track record: for example, the actual warming in recent years was accurately predicted by the models decades ago.)

I then instructed the model to project forward under the assumption of business-as-usual greenhouse gas emissions. I ran the model again and again, for ECS values ranging from the IPCC's lower bound (1.5°C) to its upper bound (4.5°C). The curves for an ECS of 2.5 degrees and 3°C fit the instrument readings most closely. The curves for a substantially lower ECS did not fit the recent instrumental record at all, reinforcing the notion that they are not realistic.

To my wonder, I found that for an ECS of 3°C, our planet would cross the dangerous warming threshold of 2°C in 2036, only 22 years from now. When I considered the lower ECS value of 2.5°C, the world would cross the threshold in 2046, just 10 years later.
This is charted as:

Michael E. Mann's graph of future temperature for different climate sensitivities. Click to enlarge.
Mann concludes that "even if we accept a lower ECS value, it hardly signals the end of global warming or even a pause. Instead it simply buys us a little bit of time—potentially valuable time—to prevent our planet from crossing the threshold."

As I have explained repeatedly, including in Dangerous climate warming: Myth and reality, 2°C is far from a safe level of warming. In fact, a strong case is made that climate change is already dangerous at less than 1°C of warming and, in James Hansen's analysis, “goals of limiting human made warming to 2°C and CO2 to 450 ppm are prescriptions for disaster” because significant tipping points – where significant elements of the climate system move from one discrete state to another – will be crossed.

Aerosol's Faustian bargain

Mann also indicated what level of CO2 would be consistent with 2°C of warming:
These findings have implications for what we all must do to prevent disaster. An ECS of 3°C means that if we are to limit global warming to below 2°C forever, we need to keep CO2 concentrations far below twice pre-industrial levels, closer to 450 ppm. Ironically, if the world burns significantly less coal, that would lessen CO2 emissions but also reduce aerosols in the atmosphere that block the sun (such as sulfate particulates), so we would have to limit CO2 to below roughly 405 ppm.
The aerosol question is central but often not well understood. Human activities also influence the greenhouse effect by releasing non-gaseous substances such as aerosols (small particles) into the atmosphere. Aerosols include black-carbon soot, organic carbon, sulphates, nitrates, as well as dust from smoke, manufacturing, windstorms, and other sources.

Aerosols have a net cooling effect because they reduce the amount of sunlight that reaches the ground, and they increase cloud cover. This effect is popularly referred to as ‘global dimming’, because the overall aerosol impact is to reduce, or dim, the sun’s radiation, thus masking some of the effect of the increased greenhouse gas levels. This is of little comfort, however, because aerosols last only about ten days before being washed out of the atmosphere by rain; so we have to keep putting more and more into the air to maintain the temporary cooling effect.

Unfortunately, the principal source of aerosols is the burning of fossil fuels, which causes a rise in CO2 levels and global warming that lasts for many centuries. The dilemma is that if you cut the aerosols, the globe will experience a pulse of warming as their dimming effect is lost; but if you keep pouring aerosols together with CO2 into the air, you cook the planet even more in the long run. A Faustian bargain.

There has been an effort to reduce emissions from some aerosols because they cause acid rain and other forms of pollution. However, in the short term, this is warming the air as well as making it cleaner. As Mann notes above, likely reductions in coal burning in coming decades will reduce aerosol levels and boost warming

Some recent research suggest aerosol cooling is in the range of 0.5–1.2°C over the long run:
  • Leon Rotstayn in The Conversation explains that "results from CSIRO climate modelling suggest that the extra warming effect from a decline in aerosols could be about 1°C by the end of the century". 
  • Present-day aerosol cooling effect will be strongly reduced by 2030 as more stringent air pollution controls are implemented in Europe and worldwide, and as advanced environmental technologies come on stream. These actions are projected to increase the global temperature by 1°C and temperatures over Europe by up to 2–4°C, depending on the severity of the action. This is one of the main research outcomes of the European Integrated project on Aerosol Cloud Climate and Air Quality Interaction project. 
  • In 2011, NASA climate science chief James Hansen and co-authors warned that the cooling impact of aerosols appears to have been underestimated in many climate models and inferred that: "Aerosol climate forcing today is inferred to be −1.6±0.3Wm−2," which is equivalent to a cooling of about 1.2°C. In that case, they wrote, "humanity has made itself a Faustian bargain more dangerous than commonly supposed". 
Conclusion

Michael E. Mann's analysis is sobering, especially when aerosols are accounted for.

The world is already hitting 400 ppm CO2 (the daily average at the measuring station at Mauna Loa first exceeded 400 ppm on 10 May 2013 and currently rising at a rate of approximately 2 ppm/year and accelerating), so the message is very clear that today we have circumstances that can drive us to 2°C of warming, and that emissions from now on are adding to warming above 2°C and towards 3°C or more. This reinforces my conclusion last year that there is no carbon budget left for 2°C of warming, and claims to the contrary are a dangerous illusion.

Mann concludes in not dis-similar terms:
The conclusion that limiting CO2 below 450 ppm will prevent warming beyond 2°C is based on a conservative definition of climate sensitivity that considers only the so-called fast feedbacks in the climate system, such as changes in clouds, water vapor and melting sea ice. Some climate scientists, including James E. Hansen… say we must also consider slower feedbacks such as changes in the continental ice sheets. When these are taken into account, Hansen and others maintain, we need to get back down to the lower level of CO2 that existed during the mid-20th century — about 350 ppm. That would require widespread deployment of expensive “air capture” technology that actively removes CO2 from the atmosphere.

Furthermore, the notion that 2°C of warming is a “safe” limit is subjective. It is based on when most of the globe will be exposed to potentially irreversible climate changes. Yet destructive change has already arrived in some regions. In the Arctic, loss of sea ice and thawing permafrost are wreaking havoc on indigenous peoples and ecosystems. In low-lying island nations, land and freshwater are disappearing because of rising sea levels and erosion. For these regions, current warming, and the further warming (at least 0.5°C) guaranteed by CO2 already emitted, constitutes damaging climate change today.

[Originally posted at Climate Code Red

Labels

_8th_Edition _D._A._(1996) _D._F._(2004)._Pounder's _E._C._(1996) _FT _LI) 1. Industrial application of pneumatics 1.5°C 1250 1900 2 Stroke Crosshead Engine Piston 2°C 2014 2015 2015-2016 2016 2016-2017 3-D printing 3-D-printed guns 3176C-and-3196-Marine-Engines-Engine-Safety 3D JOB 4-methylcyclohexane methanol 4G LTE 7 inch A diesel engine protection systems and alarms A dynamometer can be used to find the brake horsepower of an engine. A guide for correct entries in the oil record book A masters guide to berthing A positive displacement pump Principle of Operation A simplified overview of the revised Marpol Annex V (resolution MEPC.201(62)) A-Dictionary-of-Units-and-Conversions Abolition of Man abortion abrupt abrupt climate change AC Switchboards academic publishing ACARS accelerated accelerating access Accident_prevention_on_board_ship_at_sea_and_in_port ACCIDENTS.doc accord acid steel and basic steel ACRONYMS FOR ORGANIZATIONS act action actuation actuator Address Hotel fire Address of Shipping Companies Admiralty and maritime law adult sites advantages and disadvantages of using hydrogen Aereo AERONAUTICAL aerosols AEROSPACE aerospace engineering aesthetics of music Affdex Affectiva affective computing Affordable Care Act AGRICULTURE air bag Air compressors Air Conditioner Evaporator and Condenser Air Coolers and Cleaning Air ejectors Air Intake System air safety Air_Ejectors Air_Heaters air-defense system airbag inflator recall airbag recall airbags airline pilot airplanes airport security Akasaki Aker Solutions Alamo Alaska albedo Alec Guinness Alexander Woollcott Alfred Nobel algorithms AlphaGo aluminum composite panels Amano amateur radio Amber Joy Vinson AMEG Amendments (IMO amendments to SOLAS American Water Company ammonium nitrate amphibious vehicle amplification Amur River AN An Introduction to Fluid Mechanics An introduction to the IMDG code An Introduction to Thermodynamics Analysis and design of ship structure Analysis of Ship Structures and fuel lines. and Stern Tube and thermal efficiency Andreas Lubitz Andrew Carnegie Andrew Dessler Andrew Glikson Andrew Harvey Andrew Watson ANDROID Android project titles ANGLE OF HEEL-TURNING ANGLE OF HEEL-TURNING.ppt angle seat valve Animation projects animation stand anomalies anomaly Antarctica antenna Anthony Esolen Anthony john Wharton Apple Applied Heat Applied Mechanics Aquinas architecture archive Arctic Arctic Methane Emergency Group Arctic Ocean area AREA LEAD ENGINEER JOB Aristotle Arizmendiarrieta armed robbery and other acts of violence against merchant shipping art Arthur Eddington artificial intelligence As you are aware MEO Class IV (B) on line examinations Ashley Furniture Ashley Madison Asperger's syndrome assigned summer freeboard ASSIGNMENT OF FREEBOARD ASSIGNMENT OF FREEBOARD.ppt At max.continuous rating with engine running steadily ATF Atlantic Atlantic Ocean ATTEMPERATOR. augmented reality augmented-reality game Augustine Auschwitz auto safety AutoCAD AutoCAD Plant 3D automation AUTOMOBILE automotive industry automotive safety autonomous car autonomous vehicle autonomous vehicles autopilot AutoPLANT Job Auxiliary Machinery average aviation Azim Shariff Azle Babcock_M21_boiler babcock_wilcox Bach backscatter X-ray technology backup Baffin Island ball valve BALLAST AND BILGE PUMPING AND DRAINAGE ARRANGEMENTS Ballast water exchange procedures and their problems BANK JOBS BANK RECRUITMENTS banking Barrow Barry Diller barstool BASE jump baseline basic definitions for an engineer Basic definitions of engine construction Basic Electrical Objective questions Basic Electrical Objective questions on transformer basic engine definitions Basic Pneumatic Training Course Basic principles of marine engineering Basic principles of ship propulsion Basic principles.ppt Basic Properties of petroleum and its hazards Basic Thermodynamics gate notes Basic Thermodynamics Lecture Notes BASIC_MARINE_ENGINEERING BASIC_MARINE_ENGINEERING free download Basic_Ship_Theory_5E_VOLUME1 Basic_Ship_Theory_5E_VOLUME2 BASIC-MARINE-ENGINEERING Basics of Centrifugal pumps Basics of Heat Exchanger basics of mechanical engineering.basics which everyone has to know. basics.mworld battery explosion Beare_Technology_-_Innovative_Engine_Design. Beaufort Sea beautiful lie Beethoven Ben Simons Bering Strait Bernie Sanders Big Three Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Bill McGuire Bill McKibben Bio instrumentation Project titles BIO signal Project titles BIO-TECHNOLOGY BIOINFORMATICS BIOMEDICAL biometrics Biometrics projects birth control birth control chip bit hydraulics Bit Technology bitcoin black box black carbon black engineers black history BlackBerry blackout blackout or ship's alternator inside blow though Blow Through Boiler Gauge Glass blr_feed_water_treatment blr_refractories Blue Coat Systems blue LED blue light Blue Ocean BNSF body cameras boiler BOILER AUXILIARY COMPONENTS boiler blow down and auxiliary engine centrifugal pumps and more Boiler epariksha questions Boiler Fuel oil system boiler operator handbook BOILER TYPES boiler water treatment? Boiler_accesories BOILER_CONTROLS Boiler_feed_water_treatment Boiler_Mountings Boiler_Operator__s_Exam_Preparation_Guide Boiler_Operators_Handbook_By_Kenneth_E._Heselton_PE_CEM Boiler_refractories BOILER_TYPES Boilers and other pressure vessels BOILERS QUESTIONS FILL IN THE BLANKS / ANSWER boilertreatment bomb threat book publishing book sales books books4free booksforfree Boolean algebra Boston Molasses Disaster botnet bottomstructure. Brahms brain research brain science Brake horsepower Brendan Eich bribery bridge gauge Bridge team management A practical guide by Captain A J Swift FNI British thermal unit Brooke Melton Bruce Schneier building code building codes bullying Bunkering Operation on ships Buoyancy & Hookload bureaucracy cable TV CAD CADWORKS calcium carbide calibration California Department of Motor Vehicles California Public Utilities Commission calorific value Canada Cantal Capesize capture car bomb car infotainment system car pc carbon carbon capture carbon dioxide carbon monoxide carbon tax Carburetion and Fuel Injection CAREER Cargo hold coatings recommended working procedures CARGO PUMPS.doc CARGO TANK VENTING ARRANGEMENTS Cargo Ventilation by david anderson and daniel sheard casing and cementing CAT 2014 Questions Causes of static electricity CAUSES OF STATIC ELECTRICITY.doc Cave of El Castillo Cavitation Cavitation in pumps Cavitation why it occurs CAVITATION.doc CB&I Job CDC CDR cellphone cellphone tracker cellphone tracking censorship Center for Medical Progress Center of Excellence for Engineering Biology Central cooling System Centrifugal Pump Characteristic Curves Centrifugal Pump Classification by Flow Centrifugal Pump Components Centrifugal Pump Fundamentals Centrifugal pump principles and working procedure Centrifugal Pump Protection Centrifugal pumping operation CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS Centrifugal Pumps Characteristics Centrifugal pumps construction CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS In Detail CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS In Detail By P.K.Nagarajan Centrifugal-Compressor-Operation centripetal force.ppt certificates and documents to be carried Certificates of Competency (CoC) CFC CGI CH4 change changed Chapter_1__Introduction_to_Mechanisms Chapter_2__Mechanisms_and_Simple_Machines Chapter_3__More_on_Machines_and_Mechanisms Chapter_4__Basic_Kinematics_of_Constrained_Rigid_Bodies Chapter_5__Planar_Linkages Chapter_6__Cams Chapter_7__Gears Charles Krauthammer Charles Tandy Charleston Charlie Miller Chartres Cathedral Checks to be made while running an diesel generator CHEMICAL chemical fire chemical safety Chemical Safety Board chemical tankers and gas carriers. CHEMICAL_DOSING_UNIT Chet Kanojia Chicago children and media chlorofluorocarbon Choke Valve Chris Vasalek Christopher Alexander Christopher Harper-Mercer Cindy Snodgrass circadian rhythm CIVIL civil engineering Civil projects class CLASS 2 questions topic list.doc class iv class iv checklist class iv epariksha pattern questions Class IV Marine Engineer Officer (Applied Mechanics) question papers class iv orals Class-2-Orals Class-2-Orals mmd exams classical music classIV clathrate clathrates clean Cleburne Cliff Frohlich climate climate change climate plan Climate Summit Clive Thompson cloud cloud computing CME CO CO2 Coatzacoalcos Code of practice for the safe loading abd unloading of bulk carriers code of safe working practice for australian seafarers Code of safe working practices for merchant seamen Cody Wilson coils COLD WORKING Cold_Hot_Working_Annealing collapse combination carriers combustion comedy film Command and Control common carrier communication studies COMP- PROJ-DOWN Comparision of 2 and 4 stroke COMPARISON OF STABILITY OF A SHIP IN THE LIGHT AND FULLY LOA.doc compatibilism compile xbmc Component of a pneumatic system comprehensive Compressed air preparation computer game computer science COMPUTER SCIENCE PROJECT DOWNLOADS COMPUTER(CSE) concentration Conduction Conduction and Radiation. CONFERENCE conflict of interest Congress Congressional mandate connecting rods conscientious objector conservative CONSTRUCTION - ALL SHIPS Construction and testing of watertight bulkheads Construction and testing of watertight decks construction cranes Construction Job Construction Methods construction of a tail shaft Consumer Product Safety Commission Container shipping: impact of mega containerships on ports in europe and the med Container stowage plans container terminals and cargo systems Containership continue contraception control Control Room control CONTROL VALVE controller Convection easy understanding copyright copyright laws Cordaro cornfield meet coronal mass ejection corporate culture Correcting an angle of loll.ppt corrosion found in the boiler and feed systems cortex m4 Counter flow CPUC Craig McCaw crane collapse CRANE MAINT.ppt crank_shaft Crankcase questions Crankshaft and camshaft crankshaft_construction crash Criminalization of Seafarers: Defining the Problem and Seeking Solutions critical service Cross flow Crude oil washing COW CRUDE OIL WASHING.doc CryoSat current currents CURRICULUM OBJECTIVES CURRICULUM OBJECTIVES for marine engineers cyberattacks cyberbullying cyberwarfare cyclone cyclones cylinder head questions Cylinder liners questions Cylinder lubrication Cylinder lubrication of two-stroke crosshead marine diesel engines Cylinder_Combustion cylinderheads D J Eyres DAMAGE TO EXHAUST GAS BOILER Damascus incident Damascus nuclear accident Dan Gillmor Dan_B._Marghitu_Mechanical_Engineers_Handbook. dangerous Daniel Kieve Daniel Sarewitz Danish Load mark Danny Crichton dark web Darren Wilson Data and Goliath Data mining Projects date David Cameron David Keith David Spratt DCCC DDOS attack Deadweight death Debbie Sterling debian wheezy decade Deck Mark decks and inner bottoms decline Deep Blue deep web defeat device DEFECTS IN WELD Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee Democratic National Committee Department of Commerce depression depth Describe a governor Descriptions of Fluid Flows design DESIGN ENGINEER JOB Design guidelines Design projects Design_Of_Machinery_-_Robert_Norton_2Nd_Edition Design-Of-Ship-Hull-Structures-A-Practical-Guide-for-Engineers designer job Destin Sandlin determinism Deutsche physik Dick Cheney diesel diesel engine Diesel Engine Combustion and fuel questions Diesel Engine Emissions Diesel Engine Fundamentals Diesel Engine Principle and Practice:Starting gear Diesel Engine Principle and Practice:Transmission systems Diesel Engines by A J Wharton diesel exhaust fluid DieselEngine_ReferenceBook Difference between Boiling Point and Melting Point Different Types of Pumps different types of starting circuits of diesel engines Different Types of Tanks digital clone digital privacy DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING IEEE Project titles Directional Drilling disaster preparedness discovery discrimination Displacement display distinctive ships of 2009 Distress signals distress signals.doc diversity DNC DNS Donnie Dippel Dorsi Diaz Dot net projects Double hull tankers are they the answer? Downhole Motors Drafting DRC drift drilling drilling fluid Drillstring Basics driverless car drone drone delivery drone regulation drone safety DRS drug laws DRV Dry docking pictures Dry docking.ppt drydock DRYDOCKING Drydocking_Inspection DRYOCK.ppt Dubai hotel fire duck tour duct keels and ventilators DUKW Dyn dynamic Dynamical stability e-books e-cigarette e-cigarette explosion E. J. Dionne Eagle early adopter earth faults earth faults equipment earth faults maintenance earthed system earthing on shaft earthquake earthquake engineering earthquake forecast earthquake forecasting earthquake prediction earthquakes East Siberian Arctic Shelf East Siberian Sea Ebola ebook EBOOKS eclipse ecocide ecology ECT ECV Ed Kyle Eddie Rodriguez Edward Snowden edX effective eGalax egkrateia EgyptAir Flight 804 Einstein EIT exam Ekta Kalra El Nino El Niño Electric Reliability Council of Texas electric vehicle electric welding ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS ELECTRICAL MINI PROJECTS ELECTRICAL PROJECTS DOWNLOADS Electrical_Maintenance Electro Pneumatics Electro Technology electroconvulsive therapy Electronic control common rail type fuel injection system electronic medical records electronic privacy electronic voting electronics hobby ELECTRONICS MINI PROJECTS ELECTRONICS PROJECT DOWNLOADS electroshock therapy Elektronika Industri Elementary Drawing Ellsworth Elon Musk Elsevier email email archive email bankruptcy embedded EMERGENCY BILGE PUMP EMERGENCY PROCEDURE ON BLACKOUT emergency-switchboard EMG PROJECTS Emily Leproust Emission and Control emissions emissions standards employment EMR enclosure encrypted encryption encyclical energy energy policy Engine block manufacturing process Engine Control Engine Control by Fuel Injectors Engine Cooling Engine Lubrication Engine Protection engine room of a motor ship is ventilated engine suitable for a lifeboat Engine wont turn over to start ? engine_construction engineering courses engineering education engineering ethics engineering ethics cases engineering ethics exemplar Engineering In the Headlines Engineering Job Engineering Knowledge (Steam) Engineering Knowledge I Engineering Knowledge II Engineering Knowledge(Motor) Engineering management Engineering Mechanics Engineering Mechanics basics Engineering Mechanics for gate Engineering projects engineeringbooks Engineers Without Borders environmental engineering Environmental Protection Agency EPA epariksha epariksha bearing questions epariksha exams. epariksha for class iv epariksha online epariksha preparation notes Epariksha sample ERCOT Eric Schlosser eruption eruptions ESAS Especially written for the merchant navy essay grading Ethical and Otherwise ethical exemplars ethics ethics blog collection EU European Union exam_papers_Question_Papers_mmd Examination of Engine Drivers of Sea-going Ships Examination of Engineers of Fishing Vessels(Motor) EXAMINATION OF MARINE ENGINEER OFFICER ENGINEERING KNOWLEDGE (GENERAL) EXAMINATION SYSTEM FOR MARINE ENGINEER OFFICER Exams exams at india mmd Excel Download Exhaust and inlet valves EXHAUST GAS BOILER Exhaust gases expert system exploding airbags explosion extent externality extinction extreme extreme weather extremism Exxon Mobil F-150 F-150 brake F.W_FLOW_CONTROL_VALVE. FAA Facebook factors affecting the shape of the curve of statical stability Facts fail close failure fall Familiarization of Digital Multi meters and Analog Multi meters family Family Hub family meals Fans and Blower design Fashionisto fasting faultline FBI FCC FDA February Federal Emergency Management Agency Federal Radio Commission feeback feebates feed system feed water management feedback feedbacks Ferguson fertilizer Fertilizer Institute Fiat Chrysler Auto Field Piping Engineer FIELD_INSTRUMENT(LT final year projects financial fraud fire and ignition point fire code fire hazard fire investigation fire safety Fire_Protection fireworks First Law of Thermodynamics first responders FIRST robotics competition Fixed_CO2_Extinguishing_System flame arrestor flame screen flame speed FLAMMABILITY and flammable limits flash-back flashpoint of oil flat-screen TV flight recorder Flint water crisis Flirtey flood Fluid Machinery Fluid Machinery basics and lecture notes Fluid Mechanics fluid mechanics lecture notes online Fluor Job fm radio FOOD TECHNOLOGY Ford Fort Worth fossil fuel four_stroke_piston Fourth Amendment fracking fracking and earthquakes fractured fracturing Fram Strait FREE IEEE 2014 project Free IEEE Paper FREE IEEE PROJECTS free will freedom freedom of information French Alps French Revolution frequency allocation Fresh water cooling systems return Fresh Water Generator or Evaporator (Alfa Laval Type) Friedemann Freund Friedrich Hayek FSS) Fuel Injectors Fuel System fuel_injector Functions of Ships Main Engine Thrust Block Fundamental of MAN BW Common Rail Fuel Injection Fundamental of Sulzer Common Rail Fuel Injection Fundamentals of machine design FUNDAMENTALS OF METAL FORMING fusable link fusion power fusion reactor G-Electric_Charge G. K. Chesterton Galaxy Note 7 Galaxy recall Gary Houser Gary Salton gas over oil Gas Power Cycles Gas Welding Process GATE gate Engineering Mechanics gate fluid mechanics online gate heat and mass transfer gate industrial engineering gate Introduction_to_Turbulence notes gate KINEMATICS OF MACHINES gate Material Science gate notes online gate Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Notes GAte scorecard gate Strength of Materials Notes gate study material gate study notes gate valve gateMaterial selection and Design Notes Gates Foundation gauge glass General Engine Protection General Engineering Science General Mills General Motors General Problems Troubles in boiler generator crankshaft renewal genetic engineering genocide GeoCosmo geoengineering geomagnetic storm George Parkin Grant Germanwings Given Imaging Giving Pledge glaciers global global competition global warming Glossary of nautical terms Glossary_of_nautical_terms GM GM ignition recall GME_competence Go Gold King mine Golden Rule GoldieBlox Google Google Glass GoPro GoPro Mountain Games governor GOVT JOBS gpio GPS Graduate Piping Engineer Grand Mosque Green projects greenhouse gas greenhouse gases Greenland grid Gross Register Tonnage GSM BASED Guardians of Peace Guest authors Guide_to_ship_sanitation guidelines to mmd exams at india Gulf Stream gun control Gutenberg Guy McPherson GWP habitat hackers hacking Haiti earthquake hajj ham radio HANDBOOK ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING CATHODIC PROTECTION.rar HANDBOOK_ELECTRICAL_ENGINEERING_CATHODIC_PROTECTION Happy Friendship Day hard drive hardback books Harold Hensel Harpo Harris Corporation Harvard hashtag Hatch cover maintenance and operation by david byrne havoc Hazards of Compressed Air HBCU Health Information Technology For Economic and Clinical Health Act heat Heat and Mass Transfer Lecture Notes Online.Heat and Mass Transfer Notes for gate heat caused by friction in the bearings Heat Exchanger heat index Heathrow heating heatwave heavy metal Hegel Henry Adams Henry Ford Henry Petroski High high cycle high pressure high suction HIGHWAY History of oil transportation at sea Holds and hatch covers by A.Bilbrough and Co ltd hole hologram Honda Horsepower HOT WORKING hoverboard hoverboard fires How a mechanical seal works How alternating current is produced onboard How Are Emissions Regulated? how bourdon pressure gauges work How Can We Control Diesel Emissions? how containers are loaded how different compressors work How does a clamp meter work How Does an Air Conditioner Work? how does it control engine spend? How does Welding damage Eye sight? how electric welding is carried out how to how to blow through a boiler How To Use a Clamp meter? How_a_Rotocap_Works HUll FORM Hull forms Hulu Human Genome Project human rights Out of sight Humana Group Medicare humidity hurricane Hurricane Katrina hydrate hydrates hydraulic fracturing hydraulic override hydrogen hydrogen as an I.C.Engine fuel hydroxyl I Opt I see the problem IASI IC Engine IC Engine Performances ICANN ICAO ICCP ICCP system ice iCloud Identify various capacitors and understand their specifications IEEE 2014 projects ieee 2015 projects IEEE code of ethics IEEE computer science projects IEEE Paper IEEE PAPER 2015 ieee project titles IEEE projects IEEE Transactions IES IAS 20 Years Question Answers ignition switch ignition-switch recall Igor Semiletov illusion of safety imagine immortalist immortality IMO latest amendments imoconventions Impact Team Importance of maintaining log book records during a watch important points about centrifugal pumps cavitation Impressed Current Cathodic Protection System in detail about the engine type and code 6S70MEC IN-TANK_HEATER_FOR_F.W_FILTER_TANK India india shipping for exams INDUSTRIAL Industrial Application of Pneumatics Industrial Electronics Industrial Engineering Lecture Notes for gate Industrial Engineering S K Mondal’s Notes industrial revolution Industrial Switches industrial valves Inert Gas Generator Manual INERT GAS SYSTEM Inert Gas System IGS Complete Information Inerting information provider information wants to be free infrastructure Initial stability refers to stability ? Inner lubrication and pulse jet lubrication INNOVATIVE PROJECTS Inside Out Instagram instruction to Online Seat Booking For Examination instrument Insulated and earthed neutral system insulated system Insulation insulation tests insurance interchangeable INTERFACING Internal Combustion Engine Cycles of Operation International Maritime Dangerous Goods 2004 Edition International safety management code internet Internet governance Internet of things internships Interstate Highway System interview Intro_to_Marine_Engineering_D.A_Taylor_Revised_Second_Edition Intro_to_Naval_Architecture_3E Introduction to IC Engines and Air Pollution Introduction to IC Engines and Air Pollution gate notes Introduction to IC Engines and Air Pollution Notes Introduction_to_Marine_Engineering_(2nd_ed.)_TAYLOR Introduction_to_Naval_Architecture_(3rd_ed.)TUPPER Introduction_to_Turbulence for gate invisible man ion mobility spectrometry IoT iPad IPCC iPhone Iron Dome IRS scandal ISAC ISIS ISMcode isostatic rebound ISP ISPS Guidence to ship security plan Israel-Hamas conflict Israeli Defense Force IT IT LIST ITER iTunes IVCRF J. P. Moreland JAARS Jacket water Cooling Jacques Barzun James Hansen Japan Jaron Lanier Java projects Jean Harlow Jen Hatmaker Jennifer Francis Jennifer Hynes Jerome Lemelson Jet Propulsion jet stream Jewish physics Jim Pettit Joaquin jobs Joe Carson John Cornyn John Davies John Lennon John Nissen John Robison Joshua Brown Joshua Schulz Joy Hirsch judgment June 28 justice K.VENKATARAMAN. Marine notes Katasi Kathleen Vohs Katrina Ken Kanojia Kenefic Kennedy assassination kernel rebuild keyring Kim Jong Un Kindle KINEMATICS OF MACHINES for gate KINEMATICS OF MACHINES notes online for free Know_and_Understand_Centrifugal_Pumps Knowing and using the ILO and IMO instruments for the well-being of Seafarers and Fishers (on board and ashore) kodi Kolkata overpass collapse Kurt Cobain Kyle Kacal Kyoto Protocol labview projects Ladder diagram Ladder Logic Simulator Ladsim Lagrangian Description landslides Langdon Winner Lantern Ring Laptev Sea Larger diesel engines are often equipped with two lubricating systems Larry Ellison Larry Walters laser late adopter latent heat Latest Development in Engines LATEST TECHNOLOGY Laudato Si law enforcement Lawrence Lessig laws lawyers LAYOUT ENGINEER JOB Le Corbusier lead lead pipe Lead Piping Engineer learn center for epariksha. Learn Piping LEDs Lee Sedol legal legislation Lemelson Foundation Leonard Nimoy Leonid Yurganov levels levonorgestrel libertarian licensed professional engineer lid lie detector lifespan light exposure lightning Lightweight Likert scale limit limit switches linear linux list of project centers list of rights of women seafarers List-of-Certificates-and-Documents-required-on-Board lithium-ion battery living wage LNG DUAL FUEL ENGINE Load criteria for ship structurak design Load Line Length Loadline Mark Location and separation of spaces logbook Lois Lerner Lone Ranger longevity Look Me In the Eye loops Los Alamos National Labs low Low cost projects low suction low suction and high suction sea chest lowest LR Scantling Length Luby's Lucy Lysenkoism m.com M/E Machinery's_Handbook_27th_Edition Mackenzie River Magpie Main Switch Board(MSB) Safeties mainengine Maintenance_Engineering_Handbook_by_Lindey_R_Higgins_R_keith_Mobley Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 Malcolm Light Malfunction and troubleshooting for diesel engine malware MAN BW K/L/S80-90MC manager Manila Amendments New Requirement Changes mantle methane manual override Manufacturing of brake disc Manufacturing of Integrated Circuits Manufacturing of Plastic Bottles Marcel Proust Marilynne Robinson MARINE MARINE ELECTRICAL KNOWLEDGE QUESTIONS ANSWERS Marine Engineer Officer (Applied Mechanics) - Class I Marine Engineer Officer (Applied Mechanics) - Class IV Marine Engineer Officer (Electro Technology) - Class I Marine Engineer Officer (Electro Technology) - Class II Marine Engineer Officer (Electro Technology) - Class IV Marine Engineer Officer (Engineering Drawing) - Class IV Marine Engineer Officer (General Engineering Science 1) - Class III Marine Engineer Officer (General Engineering Science 2) - Class III Marine Engineer Officer (Heat Engines) - Class I Marine Engineer Officer (Heat Engines) - Class IV Marine Engineer Officer (Mathematics) - Class IV Marine Engineer Officer (Mechanics and Hydromechanics) - Class II Marine Engineer Officer (Naval Architechture) - Class I Marine Engineer Officer (Naval Architechture) - Class II Marine Engineer Officer (Ship Construction and Stability) - Class IV Marine Engineer Officer (Thermodynamics and Heat Transmission) - Class II Marine Engineer Officer Question Papers Marine Engineer Officer Questions Papers (Electro Technology) - Class IV Marine Engineer Officer(Marine Engineering Practice) - Class II Marine Engineering Knowledge (Steam) - Class IV Marine Engineering Knowledge 2- Class III Marine Engineering Knowledge I - Class III Marine Engineering Knowledge(General) - Class I Marine Engineering Knowledge(General) - Class II Marine Engineering Knowledge(General) - Class IV Marine Engineering Knowledge(Motor) - Class I Marine Engineering Knowledge(Motor) - Class II Marine Engineering Knowledge(Motor) - Class IV Marine Engineering Knowledge(Steam) - Class I Marine Engineering Knowledge(Steam) - Class II Marine Engineering Practice - Class IV Marine Growth Preventing System Marine Insurance and claims Marine Safety’s Service Standards Marine_Auxiliary_Machinery_7th_ed._-_H._McGeorge_(1995)_WW Marine_Auxiliary_Machinery-McGeorge_7th_edition Marine_Diesel_Engine_(_GME_Competence_6) Marine_diesel_engine(dual) Marine_Diesel_Engines_and_Gas_Turbines_(8th_ed.)WOODYARD Marine_Diesel_Engines_Gas_Turbines_8E_by_POUNDER MARINE_ELECTRICAL_KNOWLEDGE Marine_Electro_Technology orals Marine_Emergency_Response_and_Communications Marine_Engineering_Class-3 Marine_Engineering_Knowledge_General orals Marine_Engineering_Knowledge_Motor orals Marine_Engineering_Practice Orals marinebooks marineengineer marinenotes mariner Mariner's_Handbook_2004 marinerboo Maritime Practice In India By Shrikant Hathi and Binita Hathi Maritime Safety and legislation breathing apparatus Maritime Safety and legislation command and control Maritime Safety and legislation extinguishing agents and portable extinguishers Maritime Safety and legislation fire detectors Maritime Safety and legislation fire hazards in the engine room and various parts of the ship Maritime Safety and legislation Fixed co2 Extinguishing Systems Maritime Safety and legislation Fixed Extinguishing Systems Fire mains and fire hydrants hoses Maritime Safety and legislation Fixed Extinguishing Systems sprinkler and hi fog systems Maritime Safety and legislation fixed foam systems Maritime Safety and legislation ship construction Maritime transportation safety management and risk analysis by Svein Kristiansen Mark Hood Mark Jacobson Mark Z. Jacobson Mark Zuckerberg Marks'_Standard_Handbook_for_Mechanical_Engineers Markus Persson MARPOL Mars One Marshall McLuhan Martin Ford Mary Barra mass shooting mass surveillance Masters guide to shipboard accident response Material Acceleration Material Engineer material handling Material Science Notes Material Science Notes for gate Material selection and Design Notes for gate materials used to make cylinder line math Matlab codes MATLAB PROJECT TITLES MATLAB PROJECTS maximum MBA MBA 2015 projects MC-C MCA McDERMOTT Job MCHM MDS JOB ME mean meant by thermo dynamic Measures to counter piracy measuring specifi gravity Mecca MECHANICAL mechanical efficiency MECHANICAL PROJECTS DOWNLOAD MECHANICAL PROPERTIES mechanical properties of a material.mechanical properties Mechanical Seal Types Mechanical Seals MECHANICAL_SCIENCE_vol1 mechanism MEK MEK GENERAL ORALS MEK MOTOR ORALS melt melting meltwater MEO Applied Mechanics MEO Applied Mechanics Question Papers MEO Class 4 Oral Questions MEO Class IV MEO Examination Class iv checklist MEP MEP Orals Mercedes-Benz merchant merchant navy Merchant ship construction by H J Pursey extra master mercury-vapor lamp MET MET ORALS MET_MEP_MEK methane methane monster methanol methanol as motor fuel methanol economy metldown MetOp MGPS system on ships Michael Brown Michael Mann MicroCHIPS Microsoft microstampin MICROSTATION mind reading Minecraft MINI PROJECTS minimum minions misery index mission to Mars Mississippi Power MIT MMD MMD E-Pariksha mmd exam papers mmd india mmd online booking. mmd oral questions mmd orals mmd question papers Mo. mobile phone Model Question Papers Model S modelling projects Mondragon monetize Montreal Protocol Moore's Law moral authority moral law moral limits moral reasoning morality Motherboard Motor Cooling system questions motor fuel Motor_EK_notes_by_Glassgow_UK moving stall MP3 MP3 cutter Mp4 Mr. Spock Multi stage centrifugal pump multi-year music and technology Nakamura NASA Natalia Shakhova Nathan Currier National Highway Traffic Safety Administration National Highway Transportation Safety Administration National Institutes of Health National Rifle Association National Science Foundation National Security Agency National Sheriffs' Association National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children Nautical Terms Naval architecture Naval_Architecture_Ship_Construction navigation Navigation Rules International Inland Navigational calculations Navit Navy Terminology NCIIA NEMA NERC NET net neutrality Net Positive Suction Head Net Register Tons network effect network neutrality Networking topics New York Newark NHTSA Nick Breeze Nick Holonyak Nick Paumgarten NIH Nina Pham Nintendo Nitriding NOAA Nobel Prize nonpracticing entities North Korea North Pole North Seattle College Notes on ship handling NPE NRA ns2 projects NSA NSBE NSF NSPE NTSB nuclear accident nuclear energy nuclear power nuclear power plants nuclear reactor nuclear safety nuclear waste nuclear weapon NYPD X-ray van Obama Obamacare OBD-II port Objective questions for e pariksha class iv mmd exams objective questions for epariksha Objective questions on boilers Oc ean ocean ocean heat odd north east ODI ODMCS OEM oil and gas management Oil cooling Oil tanker operations in detail OIL_BURNERS OIL_DETECTOR_FOR_FEED_WATER_TANK. oldest color videotape olivine omnicide On-line examination for MEO Class IV (B) online booking at mmd online epariksha online exam for class iv Online GATE Mock Exam online jobs OPEC open access open hearth process of steel manufacture opencarpc openElec openocd Openstreetmap Operation of a Governor OPERATION OF INERT GAS SYSTEM Operation of the Governor OPERATION_AND_MAINTENANCE_OF_AUXILIARY_BOILERS Oral questions for exams of mmd orals for class iv Orbital Sciences ordinary flyweight type organizational engineering Örjan Gustafsson Orville Redenbacher out of mind. Overspeed Trip Test Device ownership ozone Pacific Pacific Gas & Electric Panhandle Parallel flow Parallel midbody Paris Paris Agreement Part ‘B’ Particulate Materials password patent examiner patent law Patent troll Patrick McNulty pattern language Paul Beckwith Paul Debevec PBS PDF Download PDMS pdms admin PDMS Command PDMS JOB PDMS Material pdms piping designer job PDMS TRICKS PDMS Video PDNS PDS PDS JOB PDS piping designer PE license PE licensing peak peat Pemex Peoples Climate March permafrost personal photos Personal Safety on ships Peter Wadhams petrochemical PG&E Philadelphia train wreck philosophy and technology physical test of boilers PHYSIOLOGICAL MODELLING projects physiotheraphy Projects pickup pieces pilgrimage pingos Pipe Rack Pipe Support PIPE SUPPORT DESIGNER pipeline Pipeline Designer Piping Piping Calculation PIPING CHECKER Piping Data Piping Design Engineer Piping Design system Piping designer Piping Designer Job Piping Draftsman Job Piping en Piping Engineer PIPING ENGINEER JOB PIPING JOB piping layout Piping Layout Engineer Piping lead Piping News Piping standards Piping Stress Engineer PIPING SUPERINTENDENT Piping Supervisor Job Piping Tips Piping Video piston_ring pixels plan planned obsolescence Planned Parenthood Planned Parenthood vs. Casey Plant Plant Engineering Plate PLC plumes plutonium plutonium foam Plymouth University PMC pneumatic actuator Pneumatic complete lecture note Pneumatic Cylinders Pneumatic tutorial problems Pokémon Go Polar vortex police pollution Pollution prevention polygraph polynomial Pope Francis Port State Control a guide for members Positive Train Control power assist brakes Power electronics power grid power system projects Power to the people ppb Practical_Marine_Electrical_Knowledge Practice EPariksha Online MMD Final Exams pre-industrial pre-industrial levels Precautions to be taken when blowing down a boiler Preheater presentation President President Obama PRESS__TEMP_SENSOR PRESS__TEMP_SENSOR_LOCAL_GAUGE_BOARD pressure pressure gauges prestressed concrete Prevailing Wind Preventing Cavitation Prevention of Earth Faults equipment and maintenance previous question papers Priming Centrifugal Pumps Principal Piping Engineer principle printf privacy privacy rights procedure taken before dry-docking a vessel process process control Process data PRODUCTION production engineering Programing PIC microcontrollers project centers project downloads prolife Prop Shaft propeller Propeller shaft earthing system Prosthesis projects PROTECTION AGAINST POWER LOSS Protection and Maintenance protocol PSN Jobs psychological objectivity PTC publican PUMP purifiers push button PVC pyrite QuakeFinder Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4 Question and answer for master oral examination question papers Questions on Bearings questions papers rack and pinion radio Radio Shack radium girls Rafael RAILWAY RECRUITMENT 2012 Rana el Kaliouby raspberry pi raspberry pi 2 raspbian rational objectivity Ray DeGiorgio Ray DiGiorgio Raytheon rds rebar recall Recent RECENT TECHNOLOGY RECENT TECHNOLOGY LIST Reciprocating Compressors Reciprocating Pumps Reclaiming Catholic Social Teaching recombinant DNA record RECRUITMENT red LED red-flag law red-light cameras Redflex reflectivity Refrigeration and Air Conditioning gate notes Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Notes refrigeration cycle using this cycle diagram Refrigeration-and-air-conditioning refrigerator regulation Rehabilitation projects reinforced concrete release removal renewable renewable energy renewable power Repair and Maintenance of Centrifugal Pumps repurpose Residual Stress In Weld Resistance Seam Welding Resistance Spot Welding resistive Resistor Color Code Identification Resistor Colour Coding Resistor Colour Coding online Calculater respiration projects RESUME FORMAT. retransmission fee retransmission fees reversing mechanism Review of maritime transport Richard J. Foster Ring Of Fire Ring Of Ice Ring Tone Cutter rise Rob Howarth Robert Zubrin robot moral reasoning robotics Robotics projects. Robots in medical rocker_gear_and_valves Roelof Schuiling Roger Scruton Rolex Roman Catholic Church Ronald Falcon Scott Rosalind Picard Ross Ulbricht Ross William Ulbricht Rotary Compressors rotary encoder Rotational molding process rotex Royal Society RSArctic14 rumor mill runaway runaway global heating runaway warming Russia safe Safety safety code SAFETY COMBUSTION CONTROLS safety regulation safety system SAFETY_COMBUSTION_CONTROLS Salado bridge collapse Sally Yates sam carana SAMPLING_COOLER Samsung Samsung recall San Bernardino attack San Bruno explosion sandwich panels satellite tracking saving science SCADA scanner Scavenge air cooler scholarships/loans for engineering students Sci-Hub science and technology studies Scientific American scope scope in india scotch yoke Scott Tibbetts SCS sea sea ice sea level sea level rise sea surface sea surface temperature sea surface temperatures Sea water cooling seabed Seabees Seafarers seafloor seal Seam Welding seatbelt Seattle crash Second Law of Thermodynamics security security camera sediments self-advertising self-driving car self-reinforcing Sen. Ted Cruz SENIOR PIPING DESIGNER sensitivity separators sequestration shaft shaft earthing system Sheet Metal Work using SolidWorks Sheila Jasanoff Shielded Metal Arc Welding: (SMAW) Ship construction ship design Ship design lecturer notes for marine engineers SHIP FACTORS THAT AFFECT MANOEUVRING Ship inspection report SIRE programme vessel inspection questionnaries for oil tankers Ship measurement deadweight or displacement Ship Nomenclature Ship Security Alert System SHIP STABILITY AND BUOYANCY Ship to ship transfer guide petroleum third edition 1997 International chamber of shipping oil companies international marine forum Ship to shore .. a practical guide to coastal and marine interpretation Ship_Construction Naval Arch Orals Ship_Safey_Environment_Protection Orals ship-construction-sixth-edition-d-j-eyres ship's alternator Ship's Safety and Environmental Protection - Class II Ship's Safety and Environmental Protection - Class IV Shipboard oil pollution emergency plans Shipping companies address for mariners shipping companies in india Shipping industry guidance on the use of Oily Water Separators Ensuring compliance with MARPOL ships Ships electrical plant and distribution system for the A.C. generators shuttle tankers SI and CI Engines si4703 Siberia Silicon Valley Silk Road simplicity single collar thrust block Single entry centrifugal pump Single Phasing in AC Motors Singularity Siren Server Six stroke engine sizing Slate sleep cycles slushy smart guns Smarter Every Day Smarter Than You Think smartphone smartphone app smartphones smartphones and children smike smoke Smoot-Hawley tariff snow SO2 social construction social network jobs sodium azide sodium cyanide software software engineering Solar Dryer solar energy solar panels Solar projects solar storm SOLAS SOLAS International convention for the safety of life at sea solenoid some orals question for class iv Songs Cutter Sony hack Sony Pictures Entertainment soot sour gas South Pole SP3D JOB space exploration space flight SpaceShipTwo specific heat Speech-music separation-Abstract speed and drift speeding spiritual discipline spontaneous combustion Spoolgen sports camera Sprint Spyware SSAS SSEP SSEP Orals SST St. Francis stability formaulae in detail stability is determined by the relationship of the center of gravity and the ? stainless steel refrigerator standards Star Wars Starting and Reversing Problems in Marine Engines Starting Circuits Starting Circuits of a generator Starting Circuits of an diesel engine Starting procedure of a generator engine State the difference between ME and MC engine State the difference between ME engine and RT flex engine? STATIC ELECTRICITY RELATING TO OIL TANKERS Statutory certificates and documents to be carried on board by all ships steering wheel controls steering_gear_FF STEM Stephan's Law Stephen Salter Steve Case Steven Sherwood Stingray stm32f3 stoorm stop stop-arm violation camera storm storms STRENGTH of a welded joint Strength of Materials Notes by Prof. SATISH C . SHARMA Strength of Materials Notes for gate STRESS CONCENTRATION IN WELD STRESS ENGINEER structural engineering Structural strength STS Stuffing Box Stuxnet subliminal advertising submarine submarine patent Submerged arc welding: (SAW) submit question papers of mmd suicide sulzer Sulzer Common Rail Fuel Injection Systems summit Supercharging surface surface. temperature surge surveillance surveillance software surviving disaster the titanic and solas suspension problem Svalbard SWERUS-C3 switch detent plunger Switches synchronization syncing synthetic DNA Taiwan earthquake Takata take down the Internet talking cars Tanker safety Tanker safety guide liquefied gas tDCS Technical and operational update for bulk carriers technological unemployment TECHNOLOGY Technology Choices technology management tectonic plate TELE COMMUNICATION telegraph temperance temperature temperature anomalies temperature anomaly temperatures Terms Pertaining to ship structures terrorism Tesla Tesla fatality Testing gauge glass and water column tests in a sample of boiler water Tests of watertight doors Texas Ag Industries Association Texas City disaster Texas Department of Transportation Texas earthquakes Texas Health Presbyterian Center Texas Highway Department Texas Railroad Commission Texas State University Texas wind farms TEXTILE texting texting while driving thalidomide The 2 Stroke Crosshead Engine Piston The Curse of the Cloud The Death of Adam the ethics of invention The Free Surface Effect the great unraveling The International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities The International Maritime Organization The Interview The Man In the White Suit the Mast The Merchant Shipping Acts and amendments in detail The Radio Technical Commission for Maritime Services The Russians Are Coming The Russians Are Coming The Snake Pit The Turnomat valve of the cylinder the upward pressure of displaced water is called The_2_Stroke_Crosshead_Engine. The_2_Stroke_Diesel_Cycle The_4_Stroke_Diesel_Cycle THE_AIR_STARTING_SYSTEM_HOW_AN_ENGINE_STARTS_ON_AIR The_Turnomat_Valve_Rotator THE-LEARNING-RESOURCE-for-marine-engineers-super-book the-turnomat-valve-rotator Thermal Properties of Engineering Materials Thermohaline Circulation thermonuclear fusion thickness Thomas Edison Thomas Eric Duncan Thorne Lay threat Three Methods of Analysis Three Types of Ship Structures Tianjin explosion timeless way of building Timex Timpson TMS tobacco politics Tom Wheeler TOP ENGINEERING COLLEGES Tor torque Torque & Drag Torstein Viðdalr touch screen touchscreen toxic waste Toyota train wreck Trainee Job Training transcranial direct current stimulation transcranial magnetic stimulation transhumanism transhumanist transition Transportation Security Administration trend troubleshooting antifouling paints Troubleshooting_and_Repair_of_Diesel_Engines truckdriver trunks tsunami Tube and Shell tubulars tunnels Turbine Turbo-Charger | What Is Turbo Charger | Super Charger | Functions Of Turbo Charger | Turbo Charger Parts Turbocharger Deposits and Cleaning Turbocharging Turbocharging and Supercharging tutorial TV broadcasting TV in restaurants tweet tweets Twist Bioscience Twitter Two Stroke Cycle two_stroke_piston two-stroke crosshead marine diesel engines TxDOT Types of cargo pumps Types of Heat Exchanger Construction Types of Heat Exchangers Types Of Motor Enclosures Types of motor protection device Types of scavenging TYPES OF VALVES TYPES_OF_BOILERS Types_of_scavenging typhoon U. S. Environmental Protection Agency U. S. Geological Survey U. S. Naval Research Laboratory U. S. patent U. S. Patent and Trademark Office U. S. Supreme Court U.S. UAS ubuntu Ulysses Cephas Umpqua Community College UN Underwriters Laboratories United Nations Up With Authority upgrade urea US-JOBS usart use of force useful for online epariksha utilitarianism V2V Valve valve and valve gear valve and valve gear mechanism Valve Handbook valve_and_valve_gear valve-and-valve-gear valves valves are fitted to double bottom Valves in detail description vane Vanguard Vannevar Bush vaping vapor Variable geometry turbochargers vehicle-to-vehicle communications Veli Albert Kallio vent ventilation and gas measurement Ventilation of pump rooms and other enclosed spaces vents vessel's principal dimensions videos Vijg Viking ship VIN vinyl chloride Virgin Galactic virtue virus Visual navigation aids VLSI volcanoes Volkswagen volume volumetric efficiency voyage charter VTech VW VW emissions W. L. Craig Ward Leonard Speed Control System for a DC Motor warm warm water warming wartsila rta series Waste Isolation Pilot Plant water water detected in fuel oil Water hammer water supply water vapor WATER_WASHING_HOSE Water-ring primer wateranalysis Watertight doors watertreatment Watertube Boilers wave waves Waze wearable technology Wearing Rings weather weather routing a new approah weathering webcam Wei-Hock Soon weight on bit weld weld defects their causes and how to correct them weld inspection welded joints in detail Welding in detail welding process Welding-Question and answers-for-Students well planning West explosion West Fertilizer Company West fertilizer explosion West Virginia Westinghouse wet bulb What Are Diesel Emissions? What Are Hydrocarbon Traps? What are the angle for v engine and what is their maximum limit. what are the List of Stores on board What Causes Machine Vibration? what does WORK SHOP contains ? What is a cam less engine ? What is A Clamp Meter What Is a Diesel Oxidation Catalyst? What is a Hydrophore System ? What is a planimeter ? What is a Steam Trap? What is an Incinerator ? what is Conduction what is Convection What is Hot Well ? What is meant by Convection What is motor enclosure What is pilgrim nut ? and its use and purpose what is Radiation What is Ship Security Alert System (SSAS)? What is TEU ? What is the Difference between a Humidifier and Vaporizer? What is the Jacket Cooling Water Expansion Tank ? What is the length of crank web What is the meaning of indicator diagrams? what is water hammer What test is carried out wheezy Where is the expansion of main engine accommodated ? Who Owns the Future? Why are indicator diagrams taken ? why boiler treatment Wild Weather Swings wildfire wildfires William J. Watkins Jr. wind wind energy Windows XP winds winter WIPP wireless wireless car hack WMO women engineers women in engineering Woodward speed governor WordPerfect working principle workplace safety World War II World War III WorleyParsons Job WWS X Factor xbmc xbmc 12 xbmc 12.2 xbmc frodo xbmc gotham Y2K Yale Brain Function Lab Yik Yak YouTube