Heat Treating
The desired metallurgical properties and physical strengths are developed
through heat treating. As mentioned above, the strength is improved by
increasing the carbon content at the surface by carbonizing, commonly
known as “case hardening”. This is essential for the teeth on milled tooth
bits, and necessary for strength and wear resistance on the bearing surfaces.
Toughness (resistance to impact and crack propagation) is attained by
leaving the inner part or the “core steel” unchanged.
The overall physical properties that are needed (strength and toughness)
are achieved by heating the parts to a high temperature, then quenching
them in oil. The maximum surface hardness of the carbonized section gets
about 60 - 64 Rc (the hardness of a file). The core hardness will be about 25
- 40 Rc, remaining tough and ductile.
Mill Tooth Bit Teeth
The teeth on a mill tooth bit are sometimes “hard-faced” using tungsten
carbide. This hard-facing can be on the gauge teeth (for hard formations),
the inner teeth (for soft formations), or on both rows. Hard-facing is
applied in such a way so that, as the teeth dull, the hard-facing causes a
self-sharpening of the tooth.
Insert Bits
Over the past ten years, most of the progress in rolling cutter bits has been
made in the design of insert bits. Although the merits of tugsten carbide
bits has long been accepted, it was not until recently that bit manufacturers
obtained enough experience with the carbide material and design to make it
possible to consider this type of bit for application in virtually all
formations - soft, medium and hard.
The chief advantage of this concept is that there is virtually no change in
the configuration of the cutting structure due to wear. In addition, any bit
often finds good application in a variety of formations. Thus, the limiting
factor on performance is usually the life of the bearing assembly (providing
formation changes do not cut short the bit run).
The basic principles governing insert-type bit designs are the same as those
applied to milled tooth design, desired depth of tooth interfit, insert
extension, cone shell thickness, cone diameter, and gauge requirements.
Of primary importance is the proper grade of carbide material used in the
inserts. Much has been learned in this respect since the initial model was
placed on the market. Experience has shown the need for carbide materials
of various grades, dictated largely by the design purpose of the cutting
structure.
At present, the manner in which insert bits now function closely parallels
the mechanics of the three major categories of milled tooth bits, soft
(gouging/spading), medium (chipping plus limited penetration), and hard
(crushing/fracturing). For this reason, the composition as well as the
configuration of the insert material is being subjected to constant
evaluation and improvement. To date, the ultimate in both areas has not
been determined.
The desired metallurgical properties and physical strengths are developed
through heat treating. As mentioned above, the strength is improved by
increasing the carbon content at the surface by carbonizing, commonly
known as “case hardening”. This is essential for the teeth on milled tooth
bits, and necessary for strength and wear resistance on the bearing surfaces.
Toughness (resistance to impact and crack propagation) is attained by
leaving the inner part or the “core steel” unchanged.
The overall physical properties that are needed (strength and toughness)
are achieved by heating the parts to a high temperature, then quenching
them in oil. The maximum surface hardness of the carbonized section gets
about 60 - 64 Rc (the hardness of a file). The core hardness will be about 25
- 40 Rc, remaining tough and ductile.
Mill Tooth Bit Teeth
The teeth on a mill tooth bit are sometimes “hard-faced” using tungsten
carbide. This hard-facing can be on the gauge teeth (for hard formations),
the inner teeth (for soft formations), or on both rows. Hard-facing is
applied in such a way so that, as the teeth dull, the hard-facing causes a
self-sharpening of the tooth.
Insert Bits
Over the past ten years, most of the progress in rolling cutter bits has been
made in the design of insert bits. Although the merits of tugsten carbide
bits has long been accepted, it was not until recently that bit manufacturers
obtained enough experience with the carbide material and design to make it
possible to consider this type of bit for application in virtually all
formations - soft, medium and hard.
The chief advantage of this concept is that there is virtually no change in
the configuration of the cutting structure due to wear. In addition, any bit
often finds good application in a variety of formations. Thus, the limiting
factor on performance is usually the life of the bearing assembly (providing
formation changes do not cut short the bit run).
The basic principles governing insert-type bit designs are the same as those
applied to milled tooth design, desired depth of tooth interfit, insert
extension, cone shell thickness, cone diameter, and gauge requirements.
Of primary importance is the proper grade of carbide material used in the
inserts. Much has been learned in this respect since the initial model was
placed on the market. Experience has shown the need for carbide materials
of various grades, dictated largely by the design purpose of the cutting
structure.
At present, the manner in which insert bits now function closely parallels
the mechanics of the three major categories of milled tooth bits, soft
(gouging/spading), medium (chipping plus limited penetration), and hard
(crushing/fracturing). For this reason, the composition as well as the
configuration of the insert material is being subjected to constant
evaluation and improvement. To date, the ultimate in both areas has not
been determined.
